What are Cookies?

A cookie (also known as an "HTTP cookie," "browser cookie," or "web cookie") is adata file that is stored on your computer or devicewhen you visit a website.

Cookies do several different jobs. One of the most basic jobs cookies do is toremember your activities on a website. For example:

• The contents of your shopping cart
• The text you have entered in a form
• Whether you're signed in to your account

Cookies can also be used foranalytics. This is a way for a website operator to monitorhow users interact with their site.

Cookies do some more complicated jobs, too, such astracking you as you move around the internet. They can gather information about your habits and preferences, and this information can be used todeliver tailored advertising.

Why Do Websites Warn About Cookies?

Websites warn users about cookies becauseit's the law to do so.

In certain countries, there are rules requiring website operators toinform users about how they use cookies. Almost every website displays aPrivacy Policyand/or aCookies Policywhich explains how the website owner uses cookies.

And in some countries, there are also rules requiring website operators toask permission before setting cookieson a users' device.

Due to these rules,many websites display a "cookie banner"or "cookie notice" when a user visits their site.

But why are cookies regulated by law in this way? The reason cookies are legally-regulated is because they can reveal information about you.

What Can Cookies Reveal About You?

Cookies can reveal a lot about you, including your web browsing history, the information you've entered into forms, your web search history, and even your location.

Cookies are not designed to "identify"you, as in your name or your "real-world" identity. They associate information with a unique ID:a random string of characters assigned to your web browser.

However, because of the volume of data you transfer over the internet,cookiescanreveal some highly sensitive information. And the data sets stored by cookiescouldalso quite easilyreveal your "real-world" identity.

Are Cookies Personal Information?

Whether or not cookies count as "personal information" depends on what job a cookie is doing, andwhich legal jurisdiction the user is based in.

One of the first regions to recognize cookies as personal information was theEuropean Union (EU). The EU's tough privacy laws are what has led to the abundance of "cookie banners" across the internet over the past few years.

The EU'sdefinitionof personal information (or "personal data") is found in an important law known as theGeneral Data Protection Regulation(GDPR):

This definition includesanyinformation relating to a person, either directly orindirectly.

So, a cookie that reveals your activity on a website might not be sufficient to identify you on its own. But it still reveals something about you, and couldindirectly contribute to your identification.

It's not just the EU that considers cookies to be a type of personal information. There are other laws with similar definitions of personal information being enacted all over the world, including inthe United States (specifically, California), Canada, and India.

Do Websites Need to Ask Permission For Cookies?

In the EU,website operators must ask for your consent (permission)before they set certain types of cookies. This is due to a law known as theePrivacy Directive.

According to the ePrivacy Directive,websites have to ask consent before they set most types of cookies. There are two exceptions. Under the ePrivacy Directive, websites donothave to ask for users' consent before setting cookies that are either:

1. Used for "carrying out the transmission of a communication"
2. "Strictly necessary" for providing an online service that you have requested

So, under EU law,websites mightnothave to ask you for consentto set cookies that do the following jobs:

• Storing your items in a shopping cart as you move around the site
• Verifying your identity on secure websites (such as internet banking)
• Ensuring the website runs smoothly via "load balancing"

So what cookiesdorequire consent in the EU?Well, any cookie that isnotused for carrying out the transmission of a communication, or that isnot strictly necessaryfor providing an online service.

This includes cookies used for:

• Analytics: Website operators use analytics to see how you navigate their website and to check how well it's working, fix bugs, and test their design. They can also use analytics to count how many people are visiting their website, and where they are visiting from.
• Advertising: Businesses can use cookies to see what you've been doing online, both on their website and on other websites. This allows them to deliver "personalized" or "targeted" advertising: ads that are tailored to your preferences based on your online activity.

Take a look at this cookie banner from the Information Commissioner's Office (ICO):

The ICO website sets two types of cookies. It doesn't give you an option about setting the first type of cookies because these are necessary. When it comes to analytics cookies, the website asks for your consent.This demonstrates the rule about cookies in the ePrivacy Directive.

Is it Safe to Agree to Cookies?

Technically, cookies can represent a security threat. For example, if you transmit sensitive personal information over an unsecured Wi-Fi network, the information could be collected by a session cookie. This information could, in theory, be targeted by hackers.

However, these situations are very rare. Most of the time,it's perfectly safe to agree to cookies.

Are Cookies Bad?

Cookies aren't really a security threat, so why would anyone care about cookies? Why do we even get the option to refuse them?

The reason some people object to cookies is to do withprivacyrather than security. Tracking cookies allow businesses, such as Google and Facebook, tobuild up a "profile" about youby observing your online activities.

Given the vast amount of personal information you submit online every day, this act of profiling can give areasonably accurate picture of who you are, where you live, and what things you might be likely to buy.

Why are Cookies a Privacy Risk?

Cookies that are used to store the information you enter into websitescouldcertainly represent a privacy risk. However,this data is almost always encrypted. This means the only people capable of reading the information stored by these cookies are you and the intended recipient.

A greater privacy risk comes from third-party cookies. These cookies are set by companies that don't even own the website you're visiting. There could be several of these on any given website, all loading themselves onto your device so they can track you around the web.

So, for example, if you visit a website about baking that contains an advertisement from Google Ads, Google's tracking cookies will note that you're interested in baking. Some days later, you might see an ad for rolling pins when you visit a completely unrelated website.

Many people don't have a problem with this. But privacy advocates point out that thebig tech companies are amassing huge quantities of data about us, often without our permission.

Can I Opt Out of Cookies?

If you live in the European Union or the United Kingdom,you shouldn't actually need to opt out of cookiesbecause websites should be asking you whether you consent to them (optin). However, in reality,many websites break the rules.

If you live in the United States, Australia, or many other countries outside of the European Union, there's actuallyno legal obligation on most companies to let you opt out of cookies.

In the US, where privacy law is very weak, there are a few laws relating to cookies. Several of these apply only to California residents.

TheCalifornia Online Privacy Protection Act(CalOPPA) requires operators of commercial websites tocreate a Privacy Policy explaining how they collect personal information. This includes an explanation of whether the website sets tracking cookies, and how it responds to "Do Not Track" (DNT) signals.

TheCalifornia Consumer Privacy Act(CCPA) requires certain big businesses and "data brokers" (companies whose main trade is in personal information) to allow California consumers to opt out of the "sale" of their personal information. This can apply to the use of certain cookies.

Even if websites don't have to let you opt out of cookies, there are several ways to avoid them. For example, you can use a privacy-focused browser like Mozilla Firefox or Brave Browser, or you can opt delete cookies using the method we describe below.

Our Cookies Your Choice

We use three categories of cookies on our sites:

Necessary Cookies

These cookies are necessary for the website to operate. Our website cannot function without these cookies. Diabling them might break functionality of the site.

Analytical/Performance Cookies

These cookies allow us to measure and report on website activity by tracking page visits, visitor locations and how visitors move around the site. The information collected does not directly identify visitors. We drop these cookies to help us analyse the data.

Functional Cookies

These cookies being used by the site for several function, animation preferences and other important task which can be opt-out by the visitors.

Marketing/Advertising Cookies

Marketing cookies help us provide you with personalised and relevant services or advertising, and track the effectiveness of our digital marketing activities. Social media cookies are set by a range of social media services that we have added to the site to enable you to share our content with your friends and networks. They are capable of tracking your browser across other sites and building up a profile of your interests. This may impact the content and messages you see on other websites you visit. If you do not allow these cookies you may not be able to use or see these sharing tools.

Use of Cookies on West Bengal Bridge Association websites

We utilise cookies, and other online identification technologies such as web beacons, or pixels to provide users with an improved user experience.

Signed up Users

We use these technologies to make navigation of the websites easier for you and to better deliver tailored content to you. If you choose to become a registered user, we will use cookies to facilitate your registration and remember your preferences.

Analytical and site statistical data

Analytics and site statistics We also use these technologies to gather usage information and statistics regarding use of the websites. For example, we collect information about page visits and navigation to determine what articles and topics are of greatest interest and if users are able to find content easily. Likewise, we collect information about which articles and videos are viewed and whether videos are viewed in their entirety to determine what content is of most interest to users. We also use usage information to generate various reports regarding use of the websites. These reports contain aggregated information about users and do not single out users individually. If you are a registered user we may also collect information on what specific interests you have, including what articles you have viewed on the site in order to understand what content interests you most.

Information about the cookies used on our websites can be found below. Please review the cookie information on the for more information.

Counting on our activities

We used to track a visitor's behavior on a website, such as the pages they visit, the videos, images they view, and the length of time they spend on the site. This data can be used to personalize the visitor's experience and display targeted ads to them. We use advertising campaigns to track the effectiveness of our site by measuring the number of visitors who complete a desired action or filling out a form. This data can be used to optimize advertising campaigns and improve our effectiveness.

Cookies used by West Bengal Bridge Association

The following section explains the types, categories, and purpose of cookies on the Websites. By continuing to use these websites you consent to the deployment of cookies for the stated purpose.

Type of cookies:

Session cookie:these cookies remain in your browser during your browser session only, i.e. until you leave the website.

Persistent cookie:these cookies remain in your browser for a set period of time after the browser session (unless deleted by you).

Please see ourprivacy policyfor more details on how we handle your data shared with us.